Motion and forces GapFill

All measurements can be categorised as either  vectorsholorstensorsscalars (which have size but not direction) or  holorsvectorstensorsscalars (which have both size and direction), which include forces.

Distance is how far an object moves, and does not take into account direction.  DisplacementMomentumInertiaVelocity is how far away from a starting position an object has travelled, and in which direction; it is a vector. Similarly,  displacementvelocitymomentuminertia is the speed of an object, taking into account the direction of travel; this is also a vector.  AccelerationInertiaMomentumVelocity is another vector, and describes the rate at which an object speeds up or slows down. Newton's laws describe how forces affect motion.

Newton's first law states that if an object has no forces acting on it, it will  be stationaryremain at the same velocityspeed upslow down. Newton's second law can be stated by the equation  force = mass × accelerationforce = mass ÷ accelerationforce = ½ mass × velocity²force = mass ÷ velocity.

Newton's third law states that when two objects interact,  a non-contact force is producedfriction causes them to heat upthey each exert opposite and equal forces on the otherone exerts a larger force on the other. 

Gravity is the attraction of objects to each other; it's responsible for a wide variety of effects, from making sure you stay on the ground to controlling the orbits of planets around the Sun.  MassInertiaWeightNewton is the name given to the gravitational attraction between an object and a planet (usually Earth), which acts from a point on an object known as its  centre of newtoncentre of weightcentre of kilogramcentre of mass, and can be measured using a device called   a weightmeteran inertiametera kilogrammetera newtonmeter.

Forces are very important when discussing vehicle safety. The distance that a vehicle travels before coming to a stop is called its stopping distance, which is equal to  thinking distance + braking distancethinking distance – braking distancebraking distance – thinking distancebraking distance × thinking distance. Thinking distance is the distance travelled by a vehicle before the driver reacts to a hazard or other signal. Braking distance is the distance travelled by a vehicle while its brakes are applied, before it comes to a complete stop. Thinking distance and reaction time can be affected by factors such as  distractions, alcohol or tirednessroad conditions, car speed or worn tyresage, alcohol or road qualityroad quality, car size or alcohol. Braking distance can be affected by factors such as  distractions, alcohol, tiredness or car speedage, alcohol or road qualityroad quality, car size or alcoholthe weather, car speed, or quality of brakes and tyres.