Polymers, carbohydrates and lipids GapFill

 UnitsUnimersMonomersEnzymes are small molecules which join together to form polymers. Some examples include:

Molecules often join together in  gluconeogenesishydrolysiscondensationmerging reactions, and can be separated by  condensationdissolutionhydrolysisliquidation under the action of water.

There is a range of different carbohydrates used in nature, but many are based on the six-carbon sugar  fructosemaltoseglucoselactose, which comes in both an alpha form and a beta form. When two of these molecules form  a glycogenica sucrosica glycosidican ester bond, the disaccharide maltose is formed. Alternatively, sucrose is formed when  glucose and fructosefructose and lactoseglucose and lactoseglucose and galactose join. An example of a longer carbohydrate, called a polysaccharide, is  starchamylopectinsaccharoseglycogen, which is used as a storage molecule in animals because it is highly branched and insoluble.

 ProteinsNon-reducing sugarsLipidsReducing sugars, which can be identified with a positive result of the emulsion test, are also good storage molecules. Triglycerides consist of a  starchcelluloseglycerolglycine molecule bonded to three fatty acids by ester bonds.  AlkenesAlkanesDiglyceridesPhospholipids are similar structures, but one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group, which means they are  hydrophobicpolaracidicunsaturated molecules. They form a  bilayersuspensiondroplethelix in cell membranes, with the fatty acids facing away from the water.