Structure and bonding GapFill

Electrons orbit regions around the nucleus which are referred to as  magneticrotationalionicelectronic orbitals. There are three types of these to be aware of:

1.  psfd orbitals – spherical, symmetric about the centre, 1 orbital per subshell
2.  sdfp orbitals – dumb-bell-shaped, two lobes, 3 orbitals per subshell
3.  sadp orbitals – four-leaf clover (four lobes), plus a doughnut shape around the centre of 2 lobes for 1 orbital; 5 orbitals per subshell total

The order in which these orbitals are filled is determined by the  Aufbau principleBohr modelDalton modelChadwick model. This states that the orbitals with lower energies are filled before orbitals with higher energies. The order of subshells in terms of energy is:

 dpsa subshell <   dpsf subshell <  psdf subshell

The  plum puddingDaltonRutherfordBohr model of the atom states that electrons orbit the nucleus in quantised energy levels known as quantum states. These quantum states also have different amounts of energy associated with them, and this determines the order in which they are filled. The quantum state with the lowest amount of energy is the n =  02101 state as it is the closest to the nucleus and, therefore, has the greatest amount of  electronegativityvan der Waals forceselectrostatic attractionintermolecular forces between the negative electrons and the positive protons. The next to be filled is the n =  1432 state, which is further away from the nucleus.