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B2–3 Genetic and environmental factors Typeit
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The conditions someone lives in can affect their development.
Air (e.g. toxic substances such as nitrogen dioxide from traffic, dust and smoke) is a major problem in many cities. It can lead to:
- respiratory disorders, including inflammation of the airways and triggering attacks
- cardiovascular problems and higher pressure
- allergies
As a result, pollution can also be a risk factor for early death. High pollution levels have been linked to shorter expectancy.
Depending on where someone lives, it may be difficult to access the necessary services to support healthy development. For instance, good may not be readily available – public transport may be unreliable, particularly in rural locations. Opening hours of services may not be suitable for all (e.g. those working 9am–5pm). Services may also not take into account the needs of the community, or be able to provide services to hard-to-reach groups (e.g. homeless people).
Poor conditions in the home can also affect development. For example, disorders can be caused by dust, mould and needing to dry clothes indoors. Overcrowding and stress can lead to cardiovascular problems. A lack of quality cooking facilities makes it hard to cook healthy food. Fuel can lead to hypothermia (a drop in body temperature below 35 °C – the elderly and the homeless are most at risk). Poor housing conditions can cause anxiety and depression.