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Respiration Typeit
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The overall equation for aerobic respiration is usually quoted as being glucose + → carbon dioxide + water, but in reality it is not just one reaction. The first stage is called . It usually produces a net gain of two molecules, two reduced molecules and two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule. The reactions involved actually produce four molecules of ATP, but two are hydrolysed in order to phosphorylate the glucose in the first step. However, other respiratory substrates can be used, such as , which provide over double the amount of energy provided by the same mass of carbohydrates.
Anaerobic respiration in animals converts pyruvate to , producing a smaller amount of ATP which allows animals to keep respiring during strenuous exercise, although they may experience muscle fatigue and reduced blood as acid accumulates.
Before entering the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidised to and combined with during the reaction.
The molecule which is formed then reacts with a four-carbon molecule to produce a -carbon molecule, which undergoes a series of reactions to reduce the coenzymes NAD and and generate molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Finally, during oxidative phosphorylation, the energy from being passed along a transfer chain is used to create a concentration gradient of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The protons then diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix through molecules, which generates more ATP.