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The short- and long-term effects of exercise Typeit

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4-5

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When exercise is routinely completed for long periods of time (months to years), noticeable changes occur to the body that benefit the health, well-being and performance of an individual.

Generally, a person who exercises regularly may experience weight loss (i.e. loss of body fat) and hypertrophy of muscles, making them more toned in shape; often, when looking in the mirror, they will see a change in . This changes the body composition of a person, and, in turn, this may help to increase body confidence and self-confidence and positively influence their day-to-day life, such as being able to walk up stairs without experiencing breathlessness.

The individual will also see improvements in specific components. For example:

Increased - As both the cardiac and respiratory systems become stronger and more efficient, athletes are able to train and compete for , which delays the onset of fatigue.

Increased suppleness and - Specific training or general exercise increases the range of movement about a joint due to increased muscle pliability and strength of connective tissues. This not only allows for improved skill and movement, but also reduces the risk of .

Increased - After long periods of training, the athlete’s muscles become more powerful. They are, therefore, able to cover a distance in a shorter time than before. This is particularly beneficial for athletes who take part in anaerobic events, such as sprinting, or those who play invasion games, such as football, rugby and basketball to name a few.

Increased muscular - Exercise increases the size and number of muscle cells. These muscle cells will be able to contract and relax (to cause movement) for longer periods of time than before. This is particularly beneficial for athletes who require high levels of endurance for their sport, such as rowing.

Increased muscular - Exercise causes micro tears. When the body recovers and repairs, the micro tears result in increased muscle size, improving the ability of an individual to overcome a resistance, either explosively, statically or dynamically.

Long-term effects of exercise also have an impact on the cardiac muscle. Just like any other muscle, the heart (a cardiac muscle) grows when it is worked hard. An increase in heart size is known as cardiac . This increase in size results in the heart being able to work more efficiently and pump more blood out per beat (increased ). This results in a lower resting , also known as , which is characterised by having a resting heart rate below 60 bpm.

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Pass Mark

69%