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1.1.e. Effects of exercise on body systems Typeit
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When exercise is routinely completed over a long period of time, notable changes occur to the body that benefit the health and performance of an individual.
Some long-term effects are more pronounced with certain modes of exercise. For example, an individual partaking in resistance training is likely to notice observable changes in the size of their musculature. This increase in muscle mass is known as muscular . An increase in the size of muscles is often coupled with an increase in muscle , enabling the individual to lift heavier heights and work against a greater resistance. When an untrained individual begins resistance training, they usually experience muscle soreness and stiffness in the subsequent 24–48 hours. However, as the training becomes more habitual, these sensations are experienced less and less due to an enhanced rate of .
More aerobic-type activities are also likely to result in these positive changes to musculature. However, the prolonged nature of aerobic activity is more likely to impact upon muscular , allowing the individual to maintain performance over the entire duration of an event, such as a consistent pace over all 26 miles of a marathon. Performance is maintained due to the body's resistance to .
There is a number of long-term effects of exercise that are perhaps more pronounced in those participating in aerobic-based activities, such as improvements to the cardiovascular system. Just like any other muscle, the heart (the cardiac muscle) grows when it is worked hard. An increase in the size of the heart is known as cardiac . This increase in size improves the efficiency of the heart so that at rest it is able to pump the same volume of blood around the body per minute with fewer beats, i.e. the individual has a lower resting (known as 'bradycardia' when this falls below 60 bpm). This is due to an increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat (i.e. an increased resting ). These long-term effects of exercise are also present during exercise, when an increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat results in a greater volume per minute (i.e. an increased ).
Long-term effects of exercise also occur within the respiratory system. These include:
- an increased volume – the body is able to inspire more air per breath by taking deeper breaths
- an increased – as a result, the body is able to inspire more air per minute