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Cloning and biotechnology Typeit
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Clones are common in nature in reproducing organisms. Plant clones can also be produced artificially by , whereby clones are grown on gel containing nutrients and plant hormones until an undifferentiated forms which can divide and differentiate into any required plant tissue.
Artificial animal clones can be created by embryo twinning, in which a ball of undifferentiated cells is split and placed into mothers. Alternatively, in somatic cell nuclear transfer, an egg is and fused with the genetic information of a somatic adult cell, where it then divides and develops into a zygote.
is any process which uses organisms, or parts of organisms, to provide useful services, such as the production of the antibiotic penicillin from the Penicillium. Because this product is a metabolite, it must be harvested using culture under stressed conditions. is also important when handling microorganisms in order to avoid contamination.
Immobilised enzymes can be used to save on extraction costs during some reactions. binds enzymes to inert beads, although this may distort their and reduce the rate of reaction, whereas and membrane separation fix enzymes inside a mesh so that they are unable to move freely, but require substrates and products small enough to be able to diffuse through the mesh.