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Nucleotides and nucleic acids Typeit
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DNA and RNA are polymers of , with the following basic structure:
The bases adenine and guanine are called and consist of two rings. Thymine and cytosine are single rings called . These four bases are all used in DNA, but RNA uses the base instead of thymine, which always pairs with adenine.
ATP, known in full as , is an important molecule used as an immediate source of energy in cells. It uses the organic base , a five-carbon ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. When one of the phosphate groups is removed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase during a hydrolysis reaction, and inorganic phosphate are produced.
Every three bases in a polynucleotide chain codes for a specific , most of which are coded for by more than one triplet, so the genetic code is described as . Since all living organisms use the same genetic code, it is also referred to as , and this property allows genes to be transferred between organisms using vectors and still be read during replication.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into messenger RNA, which leaves the nucleus. During , mature mRNA attaches to and is read one codon at a time by a , and molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.