Narrative (first teaching 2022) Notes

Essentially, ‘narrative’ refers to the way in which the sequence of events in a story is constructed, as well as how the events are positioned in relation to each other for the pleasure and understanding of the audience.

In order to discuss ‘narrative’ effectively, it is important that you are able to tell the difference between ‘narrative’ and several very similar terms: 

• Story – refers simply to a sequence of events as they happen chronologically
• Storytelling – the action of presenting a story to an audience
• Plot – refers to the way in which the events of a story are unfolded for the audience – this term tends only to be used for media texts which tell traditional stories, e.g. film, television, radio drama
• Structure – relates to the framework that presents the events of a narrative and the form in which the events are told

There a few good ways of remembering the difference between ‘story’ and ‘narrative’:

• Narratives are concerned with: causality (why something is happening); time (when something is happening) and space (where something is happening) – ‘story’ is more simply concerned with ‘what is happening’
• If you are presented with a sequence of events and you reshuffle them, the story will stay the same but the narrative will now be different

• The plot of films, television shows and radio dramas
• The way coverlines on magazine covers introduce stories on later pages
• The relationship between images and text on a print advert
• Explanatory text or instructions on a mobile app or video game
• Storytelling techniques used by newspapers, e.g. the inverted pyramid where the most important information is positioned at the top. The less important information is then filtered down through the story.

These are techniques media producers use to move a narrative forward:

• Point of view – who or what we as audience members are encouraged to identify with or relate to, i.e. who we are following through the narrative – it could be the presenter of a documentary, the model in a print advert or the editor of a newspaper

• Characterisation – how the personalities and traits of particular characters are depicted as well as how they might drive the narrative. It is widely understood that ‘story is character’. In some of the most effective and popular narratives, it is what the characters say and do that drives the narrative – it could be the villain in a film, the person who uses the product in a television advert, the main character in a video game or a guest on a podcast

• Themes – the topics or issues addressed, either directly or subtly, in a narrative – it could be mental health in a brochure, female empowerment in a music video or politics in a newspaper article

• Setting – the time and place in which a story takes place – this could be the location of a film, the world of a video game, the images on a website or the era discussed in a historical podcast

• Mode of address – how a media text speaks to its audience. This can depend on who the media text addresses and how it addresses them – broadsheet newspapers have a formal mode of address whereas television game shows tend to have an informal mode of address. Many print adverts use direct address as they instruct audiences to buy products. On the other hand, films usually have indirect address – it is unusual for film characters to speak directly into the camera.

Topics of discussion in a narrative. These can be but are not limited to:

• Coming of age
• Courage
• Love 
• Revenge
• Good vs evil
• Rich vs poor

Describes where the events of the story are taking place. This can relate to:

• Historical/time period
• Culture
• Geographical location

Refers to how a media text speaks to the audience. 

The four types of mode of address are shown below: