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Rights and Race in Contemporary US Politics MatchUp
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It upheld the decision in Bakke 1978 that quotas were unconstitutional (the university granted 20 points to disadvantaged undergraduates before they had started).
It is when students are 'bussed' into different districts (sometimes further away from home) to ensure racial integration in schools.
It is when the Supreme Court upholds previous decisions of the Supreme Court as opposed to overturning them. It is often associated with judicial restraint.
President John F Kennedy.
It was seen as a way of righting the wrongs of the past and giving Black Americans in particular the opportunity to advance in areas which had traditionally been cut off from them, i.e. employment, housing and education.
Affirmative Action’ is a government programme designed to take positive steps to increase the inclusion and representation of minorities and women in mainly the fields of employment and education.
Race could be a consideration in admissions so long as it was one of many factors, and strict scrutiny must be applied. This upheld the decision in Grutter v Bollinger 2003.
The university's policy of reserving spaces for African Americans (quota) was unconstitutional. Affirmative action could be used in limited circumstances. Bakke's rejection was not as a result of the university's 'quota'.
The university's admission policy met the requirements of 'strict scrutiny' and upheld future use of such measures, although the hope was expressed that universities dynamically revisit their admission policies.
Which president introduced affirmative action to US politics?
What is the definition of affirmative action?
Why was affirmative action introduced?
What was the outcome of the Bakke 1978 case?
What was the outcome of Fisher v Texas 2013?
What was the outcome of Fisher v Texas 2016?
How did the Gratz v Bollinger 2003 judgement uphold the principle of 'stare decisis'?
What is meant by 'stare decisis'?
What is the practice of 'busing'?