DNA and genetic inheritance GapFill

Proteins are an essential component of organisms as they control most processes performed by the cell. The exact sequence of  amino acidscarbohydratesallelesenzymesnucleic acidslipids that make up a protein is determined by the sequence of genetic material within a cell. Genetic material is stored in a molecule of DNA. This molecule is found in the nuclei of cells and is a polymer. The polymer is made up of  threecircularfourinsolubletwoglobular strands and forms the classic double helix shape.

The term  Punnett squareallelegametetRNAgenomeproteome is used to describe the complete sequence of DNA in cells. Characteristics, such as hair colour or height, might be controlled by one or more genes. Each gene can have multiple different forms, known as  allelesisotopesamino acidsgameteschromatidsheterozygotes. If two identical copies exist, they are described as  dominantheterozygoushomozygoussex-linkedcodominantrecessive. If both copies are required for the trait to be expressed, then the term  codominanthomozygousdominantheterozygousrecessivesex-linked is used.

In order to predict the outcome of two organisms mating, a  Punnett squarefamily treevariation squareDarwin ladderMendellian linerecessive rectangle can be drawn, which gives estimated proportions of individuals. This will allow the identification of inherited disorders, such as  cystic fibrosiscolour blindnesspolydactylyhaemophiliacancerdigitisation, where a sufferer develops extra digits. They can also be used to show that the probability of having a male or female child remains as 50 %. Males have  XXXYZYYXYYZZZ chromosomes.