Carbon, and bulk and surface properties GapFill

Diamond is a giant covalent lattice of carbon atoms, where each atom is bonded to  8467 others around it. Diamond  cannot conductcan storecan transformcannot insulate electricity and has a high  flexibilitymelting pointnegative chargesustainability.

In  leadcoalgraphitesilica, carbon atoms are arranged into layers, with each atom bonded to  5736 others around it.  EnergyAn electronHeatEntropy from each atom is delocalised between the layers, and so graphite can conduct  chargeultraviolet lightheatelectricity. Layers can slide over each other, so graphite is very  harddensereactivesoft.

 DiamondGrapheneCoalLead is one layer of graphite, and its electrically conductive properties mean it is useful in  cosmeticselectronicspackagingvision correction.

Hollow carbon structures are called  grapholescoarse particlesfullerenesemptyanes and include cylinders called carbon  nanotubescarbotunnelscylindocarbsbuckytubes and spheres called buckyballs.

Nanoparticles are  1-10 micrometres100-2500 nanometres1-10 picometres1-100 nanometres in diameter and have high  stabilitymelting pointsbrittlenesssurface-area-to-volume ratio, which makes them more effective as medicines, sun creams, deodorants and  shaving foampesticidescatalystsbuilding materials.