Respiration GapFill

The first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is  reductionchemiosmosisglycolysisoxidative phosphorylation. During this stage, glucose is phosphorylated to produce  lactateADPglycogenglucose phosphate, which is then split into  ethanoltriose phosphateacetateATP and oxidised, giving a net gain of  two pyruvate moleculesone pyruvate moleculetwelve pyruvate moleculessix pyruvate molecules, plus reduced NAD and ATP.

In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to  lactateglycogenethanolglucose phosphate in plants and fungi, or  triose phosphateethanolglucose phosphatelactate in animals.

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix and oxidised to  acetylcoenzyme Aglucoseacetatetriose during the  link reactionconnective reactionmatrix connectionKrebs cycle. This molecule then combines with coenzyme A to form  pyruvate Atriose Aglucose coenzyme Aacetylcoenzyme A, which is necessary in the  Calvin cycleJames cycleKrebs cycleDoran cycle.

The third stage of aerobic respiration is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions which release  ammoniacarbon dioxidemethaneoxygen and hydrogen in order to convert a six-carbon molecule into a four-carbon molecule and reduce the coenzymes  ADP and FADADP and NADNAD and FADNAD and TAD. ATP is also produced, and the six-carbon and four-carbon molecules are regenerated in a cyclical process.

During  diffusionthe Krebs cycleoxidative phosphorylationglycolysis, electrons are passed along an electron transfer chain, providing the energy which causes  amino acidsADPprotonssodium ions to accumulate outside the mitochondrial matrix and diffuse back in through ATP synthase molecules to generate ATP. They then combine with oxygen and electrons to form  lipidscarbon dioxidewatersugars.