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Cell recognition and the immune system GapFill

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The immune system recognises and responds to foreign antigens in a number of ways:

  •  Cytotoxic T cellsPhagocytesMemory cellsPlasma cells ingest and destroy any pathogens they encounter using enzymes called  nucleasespeptidasesantizymeslysozymes.
  • B lymphocytes secrete  vaccinesantibodiesantitoxinslymphocytes into the blood; each has two binding sites that are complementary to a specific antigen.
  • T lymphocytes respond to antigen-presenting cells as part of the  clonalhumoraltissuecellular response;  cytotoxic T cellshormone T cellsmessenger T cellshelper T cells release cytokines to stimulate a range of processes,  destructive T cellscytotoxic T cellsphagocytesantitoxin T cells destroy tumour cells and infected cells, and memory cells initiate a rapid  activepassiveprimarysecondary immune response.


    •  Monoclonal antibodiesAntibioticsLysozymesAntigen-presenting cells, produced via clonal selection, have a number of uses as a result of their specificity. They can be used to diagnose pregnancy or other medical conditions via  SCUBAELMAAMALISAELISA tests, and can even target drugs to specific cell types, e.g. in the treatment of certain types of cancer.

    Vaccines containing small quantities of  T cellsantibodiesB cellsantigens can be administered to individuals as a protective measure to prepare their immune system for a specific disease via the production of antibodies. If enough individuals in a population do this, the population may achieve  herd immunitycollective immunitygroup immunitysubpopulation invulnerability, whereby it is difficult for the disease to spread as there are not enough  immunesusceptibleyoungelderly individuals. Some people have objections to vaccination because of its possible health risks, including the suggested link between the MMR vaccine and  cancerheart attackanaemiaautism.

    The human immunodeficiency virus spreads from person to person via  exchange of bodily fluidsstagnant waterairborne transmissiondirect contact. It replicates in helper T cells, which compromises the body's immune system, leaving it open to opportunistic diseases in a condition called  HIDSHIVAIDSIVD.

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