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Structure of eukaryotes and prokaryotes GapFill

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Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells share some of the same features, including:

  • a  cell membranevesiclecell wallGolgi apparatus to control the movement of substances into and out of cells
  • ribosomes for  carbohydratehormoneproteinlipid synthesis (although they are generally  smallerless efficientfewer in numberlarger in prokaryotes)
  •  lysosomesan endoplasmic reticuluma cell wallmitochondria for strength (although this is not present in  plantsbacteriaanimalsviruses)
  • some form of DNA

  • In addition to the components listed above, eukaryotic cells are likely to have several  membrane-boundphotosyntheticfree-movingenergy-producing organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus and an endoplasmic reticulum.

    Prokaryotes may contain:

  • one or more  nucleiplasmidsnucleolivesicles, a secondary source of genetic material
  • a  lymphocytelysosomeplasmidcapsule to provide protection
  •  Golgi vesiclesa plasmidflagellaspindles for locomotion

  • Viruses, being acellular and non-living, have a somewhat different structure. They are much smaller than bacteria, and have nucleic acids contained within a protein  capsidcapsuleplasmidvesicle. They may have an outer lipid envelope studded with  adsorption matricesactive sitesattachment proteinsribosomes, which are used to bind to a host cell in order to replicate.

    Multicellular organisms often have specialised cells to overcome their low  pHrate of reproductionsurface-area-to-volume ratiowater potential. Similar cells with a common function work together as  tissuesglandslimbsenzymes, several of which can form an organ. Organs which work together are called organ systems.

    Microscopes are useful tools for studying cells and their contents. Optical microscopes are cheaper and easier to use than electron microscopes, but their  magnificationaccuracyresolutionprecision is limited by the wavelength of light. Electron microscopes have several limitations, including the fact that they cannot be used to view  colouredliveprokaryotichydrophobic specimens.

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    Pass Mark
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