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ATP, water and inorganic ions GapFill

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 ATPProteinCarbohydrateFat is the most important immediate energy source in cells. Its structure is based on that of a nucleotide; it consists of the organic base  adeninethymineguaninephosphatine attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to  twotensixteenthree phosphate groups. A phosphate group can be removed in a hydrolysis reaction catalysed by  ATP hydrolaseATP polymerasephosphorylaseADP condensase to produce  ALPAMPADPRNA and an inorganic phosphate, or re-added by ATP synthase in  a fusionan additiona fissiona condensation reaction. The inorganic phosphate can be used to phosphorylate other compounds in the cell, making them more reactive, and the energy released when the bond breaks can be used to power processes such as  diffusiontranspirationactive transportphotosynthesis.

Water is another very important molecule in life. Besides being a metabolite in many reactions, it has the following important properties:

  • it is polar, which makes it a good  solutesolutionenergy storesolvent for many molecules
  • it has a high specific heat capacity, which allows it to resist sudden changes in  equilibriumpHvolumetemperature
  • it has a high latent heat of  precipitationsolutioncondensationvaporisation, making it useful as a coolant, e.g. in sweat
  • it demonstrates  cohesionco-evolutionmagnetismadsorption, i.e. molecules stick together because of the  hydrogenhydroxideionicoxygen bonding, which means it is drawn upwards in a column through xylem vessels in the transpiration stream


    • Inorganic ions in the cytoplasm of cells and in body fluids may also play important roles in the body;  coppercalciumcobaltiron is found at the centre of haemoglobin molecules,  hydrogenhydroxidephosphorusnitrate ions determine the pH of solutions, and  sodiumoxidenitratesulfide ions are involved in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids.

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    Pass Mark
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