The nucleus GapFill

As well as α, β⁻, γ and neutron decay, nuclei can decay in a few other ways. In  β⁺ decaystimulated emissionelectron capturenuclear spallation, an inner-atomic electron is absorbed into the nucleus, and in  β⁺ decayelectron capturenuclear spallationstimulated emission , a positron is emitted; in both of these processes, a proton turns into a neutron.
Nuclei that are the same isotopes still might not be identical - they may be in different energy states. These excited states can decay by emitting  a neutrona γ raya β⁺ particlea proton, which reduces the energy of the nucleus without changing its isotopic identity.
An important feature of nuclei is their radius. This can be defined in a number of ways as there is no defined boundary to the nucleus, and, instead, estimates must be found experimentally. One experimental method is  electron diffractionthe closest approach methodelectron scatteringCoulomb bombardment where the wave nature of electrons is used to define the nuclear radius, or  α diffractionα repulsionthe closest approach methodnuclear skimming where α particles are fired towards the nucleus, and the point where they have minimum kinetic energy is calculated.
The relationship between nuclear radius and nucleon number is  R = R₀A^1/3R = R₀A^-1/2R = R₀A^1/2R = R₀A^-1/3, where R₀ =  2.50 fm3.00 fm0.80 fm1.25 fm; this equation can be used to show that all nuclei have the same density.