Thermal physics GapFill

Thermal physics describes the motions and energies of particles in a body, and how these particle properties present as bulk properties in the body.
 Thermal energyIdeal gas energyInternal energyExternal energy is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of particles in a gas. This  can be increased only by doing work on the gascannot be increased no process (it is constant)can be increased by heating or doing work on the gascan be increased only by cooling the gas; this is the first law of thermodynamics.
During a change of state,  the kinetic energiesthe potential energiesthe momentumsthe rotational energies of the particles increase, while  momentumsthe kinetic energiesboth potential and kinetic energiesthe potential energies stay/stays constant.
The term absolute zero refers to the point at which particles have  minimum potential energymaximum internal energyzero internal energyminimum kinetic energy.
An ideal gas is one in which particles  have no momentumexperience no intermolecular forceshave no space between themexperience maximum intermolecular forces. Ideal gas laws are considered to be a theoretical model of gas, but can give a good approximation for how a lot of gases behave.
The ideal gas laws describe the bulk properties of a gas, while the molecular kinetic theory model describes how gases behave in terms of their constituent molecules.  Absolute zeroSmithian motionBrownian motionSpecific heat capacity provides evidence for the existence of fluids being made of individual atoms, and, from this, the molecular kinetic theory model is derived. The full derivation of the kinetic theory equation involves the use of  specific latent heatconservation of momentumconservation of energywork done in compressing a gas to find the equation pV = 1/3 Nm(c_rms)².