EM radiation and quantum phenomena GapFill

When light shines on the surface of a metal, electrons can be released. Whether or not electrons are released depends on the frequency of the light.
The minimum frequency required for an electron to be released from the metal is known as the  quantumstoppingthresholdphoton frequency.
The energy required to remove an electron from the metal is known as the  quantumphotonthresholdwork function.
The voltage required to attract an electron to the metal to stop the electron being released is the  quantumphotonworkstopping potential.
This is known as the  quantumphotoelectricstoppingphoton effect, and can be summarised by the equation  E_k(max) = Φ + hfΦ = E_k(max) ÷ hfΦ = √(hf + E_k(max))hf = Φ + E_k(max). This effect shows light acting as a particle rather than a wave.
Electrons can be accelerated to high speeds by an electric field. When these high-speed electrons collide with an atom, several things can happen:

•  IonisationAbsorptionExcitationMagnetisation: An atomic electron gains enough energy to leave the atom.
•  AbsorptionExcitationMagnetisationIonisation: An atomic electron gains enough energy to move up an energy level.
• If the electron cannot impart enough energy for either of these two things to happen, the atom is unaffected.

Atomic electrons can only move between specific energy levels in the atom. When an atomic electron moves to a lower energy level, it gives out a photon of equal energy to the change in energy level.
The energy of a photon released by an electron moving from energy level E₁ to E₂ is given by the equation  hf = E₁ - E₂hf = E₁ + E₂hf = √(E₁ + E₂)hf = (E₁ - E₂)²
While light can act as particles, sometimes particles can act like waves. Electron  ionisationdiffractionmagnetisationpolarisation shows particles acting as waves, and so particles must have their own wave properties. All particles have a  Thompsonde BroglieEinsteinHawking wavelength, given by the equation  λ = 1/2 hmv²λ = h ÷ mvλ = hmvλ = (h ÷ mv)².