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19 - TCP/IP and the Internet GapFill
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The Internet is an international interconnection of networks, which are capable of working together because all devices follow common sets of standards.
The devices which make up the backbone of the Internet are , whose role is to forward chunks of data, known as , between the networks that make up the Internet.
In order for a system of this scale to work effectively, each connected device requires a means by which it can be uniquely identified among the countless millions of others that are online at the same time. Typically, a device has two. The address, which might be static or dynamic, can be one of two versions. Version 4, which is a 32-bit number, provides for between 4 and 5 billion addresses. This being insufficient as more devices go online, version 6 allows for orders of magnitude more. The other address is the address, which is written into the network card of the device itself.
When a user requires a resource online, such as a file or a website, they enter a into a piece of software called . What the user has entered is not representative of how the Internet is organised, so a server maps this to the address of the resource itself, which is (authentication-permitting) transmitted to the user's device via any number of interconnecting devices.