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5.1–5.2 The role of technology and its positive and negative effects in sport GapFill

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Technology has a range of roles in sport which meet the needs and wants of different people involved, from participants and spectators to coaches and officials.

Below are examples of how different types of technology fulfil four of the common roles it has in sport.

Roles	Examples
Enhancing performance	Advances in the design of equipment such as steelcarbon-fibrecast ironaluminium bikes, graphite tennis racquetshelmetshockey stickscricket bats, and synthetic balls in football all help to improve the efficiency of performance. Developments in clothing and footwear, such as absorbentmoisture-wickingthickshort-sleeved running tops, padded Lycra cycling shorts, and foam-cushioned trainers all help to improve comfort while allowing the performer to move more efficiently. Other methods such as the use of activity trackers and slow-motionvirtual realityheart ratebreathing rate technology help to monitor training and ensure that the performer is exercising at the right pace or intensity needed to elicit maximal gains.
Increasing the safety of participants	Bespoke fitted head guards, mouthguards and padding all help to protect performers in contact sports such as boxing, cricket and swimmingbadmintonrugbyathletics. Additionally, individual sports like running, cycling and swimmingnetballhockeybasketball use technology such as LED lights, darklightweightsyntheticreflective clothing and anti-fog goggles to improve participant safety.
Increasing the accuracy of officiating to improve spectatorshipsafetyfair playperformance	e.g. the television match official (TMO) in hockeytenniscricketrugby and video assistant referee (VAR) in rugbylacrossefootballhurling to review key incidents e.g. Hawk-Eye in tennisgolfrugbyfootball to review whether a ball is in or out e.g. Hot Spot in boxingtenniscricketbaseball to determine whether the ball has made contact with the batsman
Enhancing spectatorship	Technology has improved the viewing spectacle in many ways, such as engaging graphics and show introductions, enhanced match analysis and punditry, and use of in-play bettingadvertsstatscommentary to give the spectator a greater insight. The development of mobile technology has also increased the range of platforms on which sport can be viewed.

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