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Fuels GapFill
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The raw material for many organic compounds is , which was formed over millions of years. It is made up of mixtures of hydrocarbons, which contain alkanes with different length chains. The hydrocarbons can be separated into fractions using .
Different fractions have different uses, including solvents, lubricants, making polymers and fuels or gases. When separating the fractions, crude oil enters the column at the bottom and then . Higher in the column, the temperature is , so different fractions condense at different heights in the column, depending on their .
The length of an alkane chain affects the properties of that alkane. For example, a longer alkane will have a higher boiling point, and will be more and less . Alkanes are often used as fuels, which involves a reaction, which releases energy. The alkane reacts with oxygen to form and water.
Longer alkanes are often , forming shorter alkanes and .
All fossil fuels are non-renewable and contain some amount of . This can form a harmful gas which, along with oxides of nitrogen formed in hot engines, is responsible for many respiratory issues in people and the formation of , a pollutant which corrodes buildings and damages wildlife. Fossil fuels can also burn incompletely to produce , solid particles which can contribute to global dimming, and , a colourless, odourless gas which is toxic to animals.