6.2.1/6.2.2/6.2.3 Amines, amino acids, amides, chirality and polymers GapFill

Amines contain  an oxygena nitrogena sulfura boron atom with at least one alkyl or aromatic group attached. One method of synthesising aliphatic amines is to react   alkenesacyl chloridesalcoholshaloalkanes with an excess of ammonia. This is an example of   electrophilic substitutionnucleophilic additionelectrophilic addition−eliminationnucleophilic substitution reaction. Amino acids contain an NH₂ functional group and a  NO2CNCOOHCHO functional group.

Optical isomerism is a kind of stereoisomerism, and occurs in organic molecules when a carbon atom has four different groups attached to it. These carbons are said to be   manualpodalvidalchiral. An optical isomer cannot be superimposed on its mirror image; together, an optical isomer and its mirror image are known as   duomersenantiomersversomerscontramers.

Polyesters and polyamides are   reductioneliminationprecipitationcondensation polymers. They are formed from monomers with two functional groups; when the monomers react with one another, a small molecule is released, typically HCl or  CO2COH2H2O.