6.1.2/6.1.3 Carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and esters GapFill

The suffix used to name aldehydes is '-anal', while for ketones it is '  -anine-anone-anane-anene'. Aldehydes can be oxidised to   carboxylic acidsalcoholsalkenesalkanes by a H₂SO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇ solution under gentle heat. During this process, the reaction mixture will turn from  pinkpurpleblueorange to green. Ketones cannot be oxidised, which is exploited in various chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. For example, if an aldehyde is added to   Benedict'sFenton'sTollens'Ehrlich's reagent and heated, a 'silver mirror' will be formed as   Ag2+Ag+Ag4+Ag3+ ions are reduced to neutral Ag atoms and the aldehyde is oxidised.

The carbon atom of the carbonyl group has a partial positive charge, and nucleophilic  additioneliminationaddition−eliminationsubstitution is a common class of reactions for aldehydes and ketones. In reactions with aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), the nucleophile will be a hydride ion (H⁻), and the carbonyl will be reduced to  an alkenean alcohola carboxylic acidan alkane group. When writing equations for such reduction reactions, you can represent the reductant using the symbol  [R][D][H][O].

Carboxylic acids have   COOHNHROHSO3H functional groups, and are named with the suffix '  -anoic-anric-anaic-antic acid'. They react with   alkanesaminesalkenesalcohols to form esters, in which the hydrogen in the original functional group is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. The reaction requires heat and a  nickelsilver nitratevanadium(V) oxideconcentrated sulfuric acid catalyst.