Health and disease GapFill

Health is classed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the complete state of physical,  visualmentalemotionalinternal and social well-being. Ill health or  diseasestarvationdisorderinjury can be the result of many factors, including diet, stress and pathogens, and some can put a person at increased risk of developing another. For example,  obesityheart failuresmokingimmune reactions can put someone at increased risk of allergies or asthma.

Many  non-communicablementalcommunicableacute diseases, i.e. those that are not directly transmittable to another individual, are complex, but the risk of them can be reduced by making changes to lifestyle.  High-intensity sportsEating fruitSmokingEating sugar and drinking  fruit juicealcoholwatersmoothies are two risk factors that increase the incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular system and liver, respectively. 

If cardiovascular disease becomes a particular problem, patients may need to take medicines to reduce their  adrenaline levelsbreathing rateheart rateblood pressure, or blood vessels may need to be artificially held open with mesh called a  taperdripstentpipe. Of course, these solutions may have their own problems, such as unexpected side effects of drugs or the risk of surgery.

Scientists have been able to develop monoclonal antibodies, which are identical antibodies produced by cloning  a hybridoma cellan antibiotica myeloma cellan antigen from a mouse after its immune response has been triggered artificially. These cells have the property of indefinite growth and division, allowing a large number of monoclonal antibodies to be produced from specific white blood cells called  phagocytesmyeloma cellslymphocytesplatelets.

Because monoclonal antibodies bind to the surface of cells, they are useful  replacementcommunicationplacebodiagnostic and treatment tools in modern medicine. They can be made to bind to almost anything, providing it has the correct antigen attached. They are commonly used in pregnancy tests to detect the hormone hCG in the  bloodfingernailsurinetears of a pregnant woman, or to detect specific diseases. Monoclonal antibodies may be bound to a fluorescent dye to enable researchers to locate specific cells or tissues, such as blood clots, and can even be bound to  a radioactivean antiseptican acidican alkaline substance to target cancer cells whilst leaving normal body cells unharmed (unlike in standard drug and radiotherapy treatments). Unfortunately they do often have unexpected  dosesefficiencieshalf-livesside effects, which means their use is currently more limited than it was predicted to be.