Carboxylic acids and derivatives GapFill

Carboxylic acids have a   CONHRCHOCOOHOH functional group, and are named with the suffix '  -uic-eic-aic-oic acid'. They are more acidic than, for example, alcohols because the carboxylate anion is stabilised by   delocalisationhybridisationionisationmagnetisation of the negative charge. Even so, carboxylic acids do not fully dissociate when dissolved in water, making them   partialweakincompletedilute acids.

Carboxylic acids react with   ketonesalkenesaldehydesalcohols to form esters, in which the hydrogen in the original functional group is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. The reaction requires heat and  a platinuma conc. sulfuric acida nickela conc. sodium hydroxide catalyst.

Esters have many industrial applications, and are commonly found in nature. For instance, animals fats and vegetable oils are esters of long-chain carboxylic acids with propane-1,2,3-triol, also known as   glyoxalglucagonglycerolglucose. When hydrolysed under basic conditions, they form the main ingredient found in  toothpastesoapshampoomouthwash. Vegetable oils can also be reacted with  ethanolpropan-1-olmethanolbutan-1-ol, in the presence of a catalyst.

Acylation reactions are used extensively in the synthesis of drug molecules, including aspirin. After the synthesis, the product can be purified using   recrystallisationcentrifugationfractional distillationtitration.