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3.2.3.1.11 Attribution theory GapFill

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Attribution involves the process that examines how a particular result or outcome comes about, i.e. what success or failure is attributed to. Weiner’s model attempts to explore the factors an individual attributes their actions to. It is demonstrated by the interaction between three dimensions.

Weiner's model of attribution:

Locus of causality	This dimension refers to whether the attributions are derived internally (ability or anxietyinjuryeffortluck), or arise from external circumstances ( luckinjuryeffortanxiety or task difficulty).
Stability dimension	This dimension describes the level of variation in the attributable factors. Weiner suggests that it interacts with the locus of causality in that controllableunstablestableexternal factors are generally fixed (i.e. ability and luckanxietyinjurytask difficulty), whereas stableunstableexternaluncontrollable factors are more prone to change (effort and task difficultyluckinjuryanxiety).
Controllability dimension	In order to improve the model further, this dimension was added at a later date. It refers to how much power an athlete has over their attributions. Factors that are generally out of an athlete's control include effortabilityanxietyinjury and luck, whereas an individual has more of a hold over their injuryabilityanxietyeffort. Task difficulty could be controlled in the sense that an athlete can manipulate their training to make it easier or harder for themselves, but they will have no control over it in competitive situations when fixtures are organised by the the competition organisers.

Using a relegated netball team as an example, unless the team had a lot of incoming and outgoing players over the course of the season, the team's would remain generally fixed as significant improvements in ability are usually made over the course of a career, not a season. On the other hand, the effort levels of the players would have varied over the course of the season. For instance, when playing teams higher up in the league they would have to try harder. The position of teams in the league is also reflective of , which is out of the team's control as the competition organisers schedule the fixtures. The team's luck in each game would also vary, where in one game they might be awarded most 50/50 decisions, in another game all 50/50 decisions might go against them.

The process of attribution involves ensuring that the performer is aware that failing is not unavoidable, and that correctly attributing success and failure can help to improve their level of performance. This is, therefore, an important aspect of training to consider so that the performer remains determined to succeed in every situation. It would be favourable to attribute successful performance to internal and controllable factors, while attributing unsuccessful performances to external and uncontrollable factors. This style of attribution is referred to as . Those who attribute success in this way are likely to have high levels of task and to bounce back from setbacks. This type of behaviour is commonly termed mastery orientation, which optimises sports performance due to failures being perceived as temporary, uncontrollable blips, and successes being perceived as resulting from internal and enduring factors.

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