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3.2.3.1.1 Aspects of personality, 3.2.3.1.8 Social facilitation GapFill

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Personality can be defined as a collection of distinct skillscharacteristicsabilitiesbehaviours which are unique to an individual. However, various theories have been developed to help understand how personalities are formed. These have been studied in sports performance with researchers investigating the potential hypothesis that certain personality types have the ability to maximise performance in specific sports.

Trait theories of personality – A trait can be defined as an enduring quality that characterises an individual. Therefore, the trait theory of personality proposes that behaviour is innateshapedformedacquired, with individuals being predisposed to act in a certain way to specific situations. An example of an enduring quality is whether an individual is an introvert or an extrovert. Extroverts are characterised by their calmaggressivewithdrawnoutgoing nature and generate their energy from social interaction in large groups; thus, they often work well in team environments and in front of crowds. Introverts are self-energised by spending time with one other personon their ownwith peerswith teammates, with their energy being drained in social situations. They are more inclined to perform in individual sports and make an effort to stay out of the public eye. A concern with trait theory is that it doesn't account for changes in personality that occur over time with different learning experiences. This forms the basis of the nature vs leadermadenurtureupbringing debate that is expressed in different theories.
CombinedInteractionistSocial learningSocial loafing theory of personality proposes that behaviour is determined by previous observation which dictates how individuals respond to certain social situations. This allows behaviour to be modified based on how another individual, usually highly regarded or someone who shares similar characteristics, has handled a similar situation. The behaviour displayed is as a function of the individual traitsperfect modelexperiencesenvironment and, therefore, this theory of personality sides on the madenurturebornupbringing side of the debate. A prime sporting example is the exaggerated reaction of a young football player falling to the ground following a tackle, due to it being a regular occurrence in the modern professional game.
CombinedSocial loafingSocial learningInteractionist theory of personality (Lewin) proposes that an individual’s behaviour is governed by the relationship between their situationrole modelsimprovisationpersonality and the environment. For example, the greater hostility that comes with a local derby may bring out aggression in a player who is usually calm. The effect of the environment on an individual's underlying behaviour was modelled by Hollander, who suggests that typical responses to situations are underpinned by the enduring attitudes of an individual's mentalityphysiologyrole-related behaviourspsychological core. However, the increasing influence of the social environment modifies the typical response to reveal role-related behaviourssecondary traitsthe psychological corea split personality.

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