Manipulating genomes GapFill

High-throughput sequencing techniques have allowed us to sequence many species'  nucleizygotesgenomeschromosomes, the complete set of genetic information in an organism. Studying this then allows us to identify relationships between genotype and  allelesbioremediationphenotypereplication, as well as being able to predict the complete sequence of  proteinsamino acidscarbohydratesnucleic acids in polypeptides that they produce.

DNA that contains genes from two different organisms is called  asexualrecombinantepigenetichybridised DNA. A gene can be cut out of a molecule using  vectorsrestriction enzymesa terminatorcDNA, and the fragment can be amplified by one of two methods:

Any process which modifies the genes of an organism in this way is known as  DNA hybridisationgenetic engineeringpharmingDNA profiling. This field has many potential uses, such as  pharmingtranslocationcloningbiotechnology, which is the use of genetically modified animals to gain useful products such as silk. Faulty human genes may also be corrected in  electroporationmitosisgene therapygenetic counselling - either cells in a whole zygote can be modified (germ line), or specific adult cells can be targeted (  autosomalsomaticchromosomalsteroid).

 Stem cell researchDNA profilingGenetic counsellingGenome sequencing is another technique with uses in many fields, including forensic science and paternity testing. DNA samples are digested into fragments, which are then separated by  electrophoresispersonalised medicineDNA hybridisationthe polymerase chain reaction. When an X-ray film develops over the gel, banding patterns of  VNTRsATPRsNADPscDNAs can be used to identify individuals or relationships between individuals.