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Hormonal communication GapFill

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 HormonesTriglyceridesPolynucleotidesPolysaccharides are chemical messengers produced in glands and carried in the  bloodplasmasalivabile.

Insulin is produced in  thetabetagammaalpha cells of the  lungsmusclespancreasliver (called islets of Langerhans) when blood glucose concentration is high, also known as  hypertensionhypotensionhyperglycaemiahypoglycaemia. Insulin is released when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane in response to an influx of  phosphatehydrogencarbonatecalciumpotassium ions.

Insulin is known as  a first messengera second messengeran opsonina leukocyte because it binds to receptors on the cell surface since it is unable to diffuse through the cell surface membrane. It causes more glucose to be converted to glycogen in the  lungkidneyliverstomach and muscle cells. People suffering from  diabetes mellituscystic fibrosiscancerstrokes struggle to control their blood glucose levels, due to either a lack of this hormone or a lack of responsiveness to it. Type 1 sufferers tend to develop this condition in childhood, and it is thought to be a result of  obesitya strokean autoimmune responsemuscle fatigue. It may now be possible to treat this condition using genetically modified  bacteriadogspigsplants which can produce human insulin.

The adrenal glands are endocrine glands which produce a range of hormones:

  • adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal  cortexarterymedullatubule
  •  statinscannabinoidsmineralocorticoidsanticoagulants are secreted from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal  tubulecortexcapsulemedulla to control blood pressure
  • glucocorticoids, such as  cortisolFSHoestrogeninsulin, are secreted from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex to contribute to control of the metabolism


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