Transport in animals GapFill

Mammals are highly metabolically active, so they use a  closed two-wayopen two-wayopen doubleclosed double circulatory system to make sure that blood is transported around the body efficiently by the heart. Heart rate is controlled by  sinogenicparasympogenicneurogenicmyogenic stimulation of the cardiac muscle. Waves of excitation originating in the  ventrosepto nodesinoatrial nodecardioatrial nodeatrioventricular node pass through  Purkyneendothelialxerophyticneuronal tissue in the bundle of His, causing contraction of the  aortaatriavena cavaseptum and then the ventricles, followed by the relaxation of all the cardiac muscles, called  fibrillationdiastoleectopiasystole.

 HaemoglobinAmylaseGlucosePhosphate is a protein used to transport oxygen in the red blood cells of animals. Oxygen is released more readily from it in the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide because  carbonic anhydrasecarbonic acidglucosecarbon monoxide forms which reduces the pH of the blood. This causes a change in the tertiary structure of the protein, so oxygen dissociates more rapidly due to  the chloride shiftfacilitated diffusionthe Bohr effecthigh oncotic pressure.

Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the  septumleft ventriclesemilunar valvesright ventricle via the aorta and travels around the body, then returns to the heart as deoxygenated blood via  arteriesventriclesveinsvalves.  GatesBarriersRotarsValves prevent blood flowing backwards under lower pressure.

 An erythrocyteA sarcomereTissue fluidLymph is produced when plasma is forced out of capillaries due to the high  hydrostatic pressurepHfluidityviscosity of blood at the arterial end, and most of it returns at the venous end with a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and wastes. Some of it is drained via the  immunecirculatorylymphaticurinary system.