Nucleotides and nucleic acids GapFill

DNA and RNA are  nucleic acidsproteinsphospholipidspolysaccharides made of nucleotide monomers. Both of their functions involve carrying information: DNA contains the  geneticrespiratorynervousphotosynthetic information of a cell, and RNA transfers this information to ribosomes.

Nucleotides consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base:   cytosine, guanine, thymine or uraciladenine, cytosine, guanine or thymineadenosine, cytosine, guanine or uraciladenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil in RNA, or  cytosine, guanine, thymine or uraciladenine, cytosine, guanine or thymineadenosine, cytosine, guanine or uraciladenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil in DNA.

The structure of ATP is also based on that of a nucleotide; it consists of the organic base  thymineadeninephosphatineguanine bound to a ribose sugar, which is bound to  sixteententwothree phosphate groups.

RNA molecules consist of a single, relatively short polynucleotide chain. DNA molecules consist of two  identicalantiparalleldivergingparallel polynucleotide chains twisted in the shape of  a dual springa double helixa knotan alpha helix, with the strands held together by  hydroxide bridgesionic bondscovalent bondshydrogen bonds between  acidiccomplementaryhydrophilicmatching base pairs.

DNA duplicates itself using  traditionalsemiconservativeconservativeunorthodox replication, where each newly synthesised molecule has one original strand and one new strand.  HelicaseNucleasePolymeraseDividase first unwinds the molecule and breaks the bonds between strands. Free nucleotides then join to the exposed bases on the  phosphate groupribose sugartemplate strandDNA backbone, and  DNA acidaseDNA nucleaseDNA polymeraseDNA helicase creates  ionicglycosidicphosphodiesterhydrogen bonds between neighbouring nucleotides. This method of replication is generally very accurate, although spontaneous mutations may arise.