Photosynthesis GapFill

Photosynthesis takes place in the  endoplasmic reticulummitochondriachloroplastsnuclei of leaves, and uses the absorption of light to produce organic compounds necessary for respiration. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by many factors, such as  the concentration of oxygenpressuresoil fertilitytemperature, light intensity, water stress and the concentration of carbon dioxide.

During the light-dependent stage, which occurs in the  cell wallgranastromanucleus, sunlight causes a pair of electrons leave a molecule of  chlorophyllglucosehaemoglobinstarch and enter the electron transfer chain. This involves  photosystem I in the cyclic process, and photosystems I and II in the non-cyclic processphotosystem I in the non-cyclic process, and photosystem II in the cyclic processphotosystem I in the cyclic process, and photosystem II in the non-cyclic processphotosystem I in the non-cyclic process, and photosystems I and II in the cyclic process. The photolysis of  waterglucosechlorophyllhydrogen produces oxygen, electrons and  amino acidssodium ionsprotonscarbon dioxide molecules, the latter of which build up in the inner thylakoid space. They then diffuse back into the stroma through  cholesterolRuBisCoATP synthasehelicase molecules, generating a molecule of ATP from ADP, and are accepted by an electron carrier to produce  more ATPglucoseRuBPreduced NADP. This process is known as   photophosphorylationhydrolysistranspirationpolymerisation.

The light-independent stage is otherwise known as  the Krebs cyclethe carbon cyclethe Calvin cyclechemiosmosis. In it, carbon dioxide and RuBP react under the action of the enzyme  RuBisCosucrasedipeptidaseATP synthase to produce two molecules of  waterGPoxygenADP. These are then reduced using a proton from reduced NADP and energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, which produces TP. Some TP is converted to useful organic substances, including carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, but most is used to regenerate  ATPGPRuBPADP. Meanwhile,  oxygenNADPRuBisCoan electron is cycled back into the light-dependent reaction.