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Bonding, structure and properties of substances Categorise
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Ionic compounds
Small molecules
Polymers
Giant covalent structures
Metals
Can conduct electricity as liquids or when dissolved in water
High melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions
Example: diamond
Weak intermolecular forces
Example: sodium chloride
Example: methane
Example: poly(ethene)
Usually gases or liquids
Example: iron
Usually quite soft when pure, but can be made harder by mixing
Do not conduct electricity as the molecules do not have an overall charge
Do not conduct electricity (except graphite)
Good thermal conductors due to delocalised electrons
Long chains of connected monomers that are solid at room temperature
Good conductors of electricity as solids
Easily bent and shaped as atoms are arranged in layers
Substances which are almost always solid due to very high melting points